Physics Notes for NEET and JEE Main 2027: Chapter-wise Key Points

These Physics notes for NEET and JEE Main 2027 give the high-yield points of all 27 Class 11 and Class 12 Physics chapters, with a free notes PDF and a notes page for each. The chapters follow the 20 Physics units of the NEET UG 2026 and JEE Main 2026 syllabi, which apply until the 2027 syllabi are out.

Physics Notes for NEET and JEE Main 2027

Chapter-wise key points and notes PDFs for NEET UG and JEE Main 2027 Physics, arranged by the syllabus units.

How are these Physics notes arranged?

Both exams use the same 20 Physics units, numbered the same way: the NEET UG 2026 syllabus released by the National Medical Commission (NMC) on 22 December 2025 and the JEE Main 2026 syllabus released by the National Testing Agency (NTA) on 31 October 2025. All 27 chapters on this page are in both syllabi. The notes will be matched to the 2027 syllabi once they are released. See the NEET UG syllabus and the JEE Main syllabus for the full topic lists.

Chapters are listed in unit order, Class 11 first and then Class 12, with names and numbering from the current rationalised NCERT Physics textbooks. Each chapter has a short set of key points here, a detailed notes page (click the chapter name) and a notes PDF. Some PDFs cover two or three chapters of the same unit, so the same PDF is listed against each of them.

Communication Systems, the last chapter of the older NCERT Class 12 book, was removed from the rationalised NCERT book and is in neither syllabus, so it has no notes here. Unit 20, Experimental Skills, is tested through the experiments listed in the syllabus and has no separate notes chapter.

Class 11 Physics Notes PDF: Chapter-wise Download

These 14 chapters come from NCERT Class 11 Physics Parts I and II and cover Units 1 to 10 of the syllabus.

Class 11 Physics Key Points: Chapter-wise Summary

Units and Measurement (Unit 1, Class 11)

This chapter covers SI units, significant figures, errors in measurement and dimensional analysis.

• SI has seven base units: metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela; radian and steradian are dimensionless.
• Multiply or divide: keep the fewest significant figures. Add or subtract: keep the fewest decimal places.
• Absolute errors add for sums and differences; relative errors add for products and quotients. For Z = Aᵏ, the relative error is k times that of A.
• Dimensions to know: force [M L T⁻²], work and energy [M L² T⁻²], power [M L² T⁻³], pressure [M L⁻¹ T⁻²].
• A dimensionally correct equation can still be wrong, and dimensional analysis cannot give pure-number constants such as 2π.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Motion in a Straight Line (Unit 2, Class 11)

This chapter covers displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion graphs and the equations of uniformly accelerated motion.

• Slope of the x-t graph gives velocity; slope of the v-t graph gives acceleration; area under the v-t graph gives displacement.
• v = v₀ + at, x = v₀t + ½at² and v² = v₀² + 2ax hold only for constant acceleration.
• In free fall from rest, distances covered in equal successive time intervals are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 : 7.
• Stopping distance is proportional to the square of the initial speed.
• Zero velocity at an instant does not mean zero acceleration (for example, the top of a vertical throw).

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Motion in a Plane).

Motion in a Plane (Unit 2, Class 11)

This chapter covers vectors, projectile motion and uniform circular motion.

• Resultant of two vectors: R = √(A² + B² + 2AB cos θ); it ranges from |A − B| to A + B.
• In projectile motion the horizontal velocity is constant and the path is a parabola.
• Time of flight 2v₀ sin θ₀/g, maximum height (v₀ sin θ₀)²/2g, range v₀² sin 2θ₀/g; range is maximum at 45° and equal for complementary angles.
• Uniform circular motion: centripetal acceleration v²/R = ω²R towards the centre; its magnitude is constant but its direction keeps changing.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Motion in a Straight Line).

Laws of Motion (Unit 3, Class 11)

This chapter covers Newton’s laws, momentum and impulse, equilibrium of forces, friction and circular motion.

• F = dp/dt; for constant mass F = ma. Impulse = FΔt = Δp, measured in N s.
• Action and reaction act on different bodies, so they never cancel each other.
• Momentum of an isolated system is conserved; this explains the recoil of a gun.
• Limiting friction μₛN is greater than kinetic friction μₖN, and friction does not depend on the area of contact.
• Maximum safe speed on a level road is √(μₛRg); on a frictionless banked road it is √(Rg tan θ).

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Work, Energy and Power (Unit 4, Class 11)

This chapter covers work, the work-energy theorem, potential energy, conservation of energy, power and collisions.

• W = Fd cos θ; work by a variable force equals the area under the F-x graph.
• Work-energy theorem: net work done equals the change in kinetic energy.
• Spring force F = −kx and stored energy ½kx²; work by a conservative force over a closed path is zero.
• Momentum is conserved in every collision, kinetic energy only in elastic ones; equal masses in a 1D elastic collision exchange velocities.
• P = F·v; 1 hp = 746 W and 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion (Unit 5, Class 11)

This chapter covers centre of mass, torque, angular momentum, moment of inertia and the dynamics of rotation.

• Only external forces change the motion of the centre of mass; internal forces do not.
• Torque τ = r × F and dL/dt = τ; angular momentum is conserved when the external torque is zero.
• Moments of inertia to know: ring MR², disc MR²/2, rod about its centre ML²/12, solid sphere 2MR²/5.
• Parallel axes theorem I = I_cm + Ma²; perpendicular axes theorem I_z = I_x + I_y (plane bodies only).
• Rotational analogues: τ = Iα, K = ½Iω², L = Iω, P = τω.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Gravitation (Unit 6, Class 11)

This chapter covers Kepler’s laws, the universal law of gravitation, variation of g, escape speed and satellites.

• G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻²; Kepler’s law of areas follows from conservation of angular momentum.
• T² ∝ a³ for all planets going round the Sun.
• g decreases with height, g(h) ≈ g(1 − 2h/R) for small h, and with depth, g(d) = g(1 − d/R); g is zero at the centre of the earth.
• Escape speed from the earth is about 11.2 km/s; for a satellite, total energy is negative and K = −E.
• Weightlessness in an orbiting satellite is due to free fall, not to the absence of gravity.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Mechanical Properties of Solids (Unit 7, Class 11)

This chapter covers stress, strain, Hooke’s law, the stress-strain curve and the elastic moduli.

• Stress has the unit N m⁻² (Pa); strain has no unit.
• Hooke’s law holds only in the proportional region of the stress-strain curve.
• Young’s and shear moduli apply only to solids; the bulk modulus applies to solids, liquids and gases. Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus.
• Elastic energy stored per unit volume = ½ × stress × strain.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Mechanical Properties of Fluids and Thermal Properties of Matter).

Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Unit 7, Class 11)

This chapter covers fluid pressure, Pascal’s law, Bernoulli’s principle, viscosity and surface tension.

• P = Pₐ + ρgh; liquid pressure depends on depth, not on the shape of the vessel. Hydraulic lift: F₂ = F₁(A₂/A₁).
• Bernoulli’s principle: P + ½ρv² + ρgh is constant along a streamline; speed of efflux v = √(2gh).
• Stokes’ law F = 6πηav; terminal velocity is proportional to the square of the radius.
• Excess pressure inside a drop is 2S/r and inside a soap bubble 4S/r; capillary rise h = 2S cos θ/(ρga).
• Viscosity of liquids falls with temperature, while that of gases rises.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Mechanical Properties of Solids and Thermal Properties of Matter).

Thermal Properties of Matter (Unit 7, Class 11)

This chapter covers temperature scales, thermal expansion, specific heat, latent heat and heat transfer.

• T = t(°C) + 273.15; the triple point of water is 273.16 K.
• Area and volume expansion coefficients are 2α and 3α; water has its maximum density at 4 °C.
• Conduction: H = KAΔT/L. Convection needs a fluid; radiation needs no medium.
• Wien’s law λₘT = 2.9 × 10⁻³ m K; Stefan-Boltzmann law H = AeσT⁴.
• Newton’s law of cooling holds only for small temperature differences.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Mechanical Properties of Solids and Mechanical Properties of Fluids).

Thermodynamics (Unit 8, Class 11)

This chapter covers the zeroth, first and second laws, thermodynamic processes and the Carnot engine.

• First law: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW, where W is the work done by the system; internal energy is a state variable, heat and work are not.
• Isothermal: ΔU = 0; adiabatic: Q = 0 and PV^γ is constant; isochoric: W = 0; cyclic: ΔU = 0.
• For an ideal gas Cₚ − Cᵥ = R.
• Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law are equivalent.
• Carnot efficiency η = 1 − T₂/T₁ does not depend on the working substance.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Kinetic Theory of Gases (Unit 9, Class 11)

This chapter covers the ideal gas equation, the kinetic interpretation of pressure and temperature, equipartition of energy and mean free path.

• P = ⅓nm⟨v²⟩; average kinetic energy per molecule is (3/2)k_BT, the same for every gas at a given temperature.
• rms speed v_rms = √(3RT/M) depends on temperature and molar mass.
• Each translational or rotational degree of freedom gets ½k_BT; γ is 5/3 for a monatomic gas and 7/5 for a rigid diatomic gas.
• Mean free path l = 1/(√2 nπd²); real gases behave ideally at low pressure and high temperature.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Oscillations (Unit 10, Class 11)

This chapter covers periodic motion, simple harmonic motion, energy in SHM, the spring-mass system and the simple pendulum.

• SHM: x = A cos(ωt + φ) and a = −ω²x; maximum speed ωA at the mean position, maximum acceleration ω²A at the extremes.
• Spring-mass system T = 2π√(m/k); simple pendulum (small angles) T = 2π√(L/g).
• Total energy in SHM is ½kA² and stays constant; kinetic and potential energy each vary with period T/2.
• The period of SHM does not depend on the amplitude.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Waves).

Waves (Unit 10, Class 11)

This chapter covers transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, superposition, standing waves and beats.

• v = λν; speed on a stretched string √(T/µ); speed of sound in a gas √(γP/ρ) (Laplace correction).
• Reflection at a rigid end causes a phase change of π; at an open end there is no phase change.
• String fixed at both ends and pipe open at both ends: all harmonics, fundamental v/2L. Pipe closed at one end: odd harmonics only, fundamental v/4L.
• Beat frequency equals the difference of the two frequencies, ν₁ − ν₂.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Oscillations).

Class 12 Physics Notes PDF: Chapter-wise Download

These 13 chapters come from NCERT Class 12 Physics Parts I and II and cover Units 11 to 19 of the syllabus.

Class 12 Physics Key Points: Chapter-wise Summary

Electric Charges and Fields (Unit 11, Class 12)

This chapter covers properties of charge, Coulomb’s law, electric field and field lines, the electric dipole and Gauss’s law.

• Charge is quantised (q = ne, e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C) and conserved; k = 1/4πε₀ ≈ 9 × 10⁹ N m² C⁻².
• Field of a point charge varies as 1/r², of a dipole as 1/r³; the axial dipole field is twice the equatorial field at the same distance.
• In a uniform field a dipole feels zero net force but a torque τ = p × E.
• Gauss’s law: flux = q(enclosed)/ε₀. Infinite line λ/(2πε₀r), infinite sheet σ/(2ε₀), zero field inside a charged shell.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance and Current Electricity).

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (Unit 11, Class 12)

This chapter covers electric potential, equipotential surfaces, potential energy, conductors, dielectrics and capacitors.

• Point charge V = q/(4πε₀r); dipole potential is zero everywhere on the equatorial plane.
• The field is perpendicular to equipotential surfaces and points towards decreasing potential, E = −dV/dl.
• Inside a conductor E = 0 and the potential is constant up to the surface.
• C = ε₀A/d, and a dielectric multiplies it by K. Series: 1/C = Σ1/Cᵢ; parallel: C = ΣCᵢ.
• Stored energy U = ½CV² = Q²/2C; energy density ½ε₀E².

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Electric Charges and Fields and Current Electricity).

Current Electricity (Unit 12, Class 12)

This chapter covers drift velocity, Ohm’s law, resistivity, cells, Kirchhoff’s rules and the Wheatstone bridge.

• I = neAv_d; mobility µ = v_d/E; resistivity ρ = m/(ne²τ) depends on material and temperature, not on size.
• Resistivity of metals rises with temperature, while that of semiconductors falls.
• Cell with internal resistance: V = ε − Ir and I = ε/(R + r).
• Kirchhoff’s junction rule follows from conservation of charge, the loop rule from conservation of energy.
• Metre bridge at balance: R = S·l₁/(100 − l₁).

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Electric Charges and Fields and Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance).

Moving Charges and Magnetism (Unit 13, Class 12)

This chapter covers the Lorentz force, motion in a magnetic field, the Biot-Savart and Ampere’s laws, forces between currents and the galvanometer.

• Lorentz force F = q(E + v × B); the magnetic force does no work.
• Radius of a charged particle in a uniform field r = mv/(qB); its period 2πm/(qB) does not depend on speed.
• Field at the centre of a loop μ₀I/(2R), near a long straight wire μ₀I/(2πr), inside a long solenoid μ₀nI.
• Parallel currents attract with force per unit length μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd).
• Galvanometer to ammeter: low shunt in parallel; to voltmeter: high resistance in series.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Magnetism and Matter and Electromagnetic Induction).

Magnetism and Matter (Unit 13, Class 12)

This chapter covers the bar magnet, magnetic dipoles, magnetisation and the magnetic properties of materials.

• Magnetic field lines form closed loops; the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
• Torque on a magnetic dipole τ = m × B; potential energy U = −m·B.
• B = μ₀(H + M) and µᵣ = 1 + χ.
• Diamagnetic: χ negative (bismuth, copper, water); paramagnetic: χ small and positive (aluminium, oxygen); ferromagnetic: χ large (iron, cobalt, nickel).
• A superconductor is a perfect diamagnet (χ = −1, Meissner effect).

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Moving Charges and Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction).

Electromagnetic Induction (Unit 14, Class 12)

This chapter covers magnetic flux, Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws, motional emf, eddy currents, inductance and the AC generator.

• Faraday’s law ε = −N dΦ/dt; the minus sign is Lenz’s law, which follows from conservation of energy.
• Motional emf ε = Blv; emf across a rod rotating about one end ½Bωl².
• Self-inductance of a solenoid L = μ₀n²Al; energy stored in an inductor ½LI².
• AC generator emf ε = NBAω sin ωt; the peak emf occurs when the flux through the coil is zero.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Moving Charges and Magnetism and Magnetism and Matter).

Electromagnetic Waves (Unit 15, Class 12)

This chapter covers displacement current, the nature of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Displacement current i_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt makes Ampere’s law consistent; it flows between capacitor plates.
• E and B are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel, oscillate in phase, and E₀/B₀ = c.
• c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) = 3 × 10⁸ m/s in vacuum; only accelerated charges radiate.
• Increasing frequency: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
• Uses to remember: microwaves in ovens and radar, infrared as heat waves, ozone absorbing ultraviolet.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Ray Optics and Optical Instruments and Wave Optics).

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (Unit 16, Class 12)

This chapter covers reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, lenses, the prism and optical instruments.

• Mirror: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f with f = R/2. Lens: 1/v − 1/u = 1/f; power P = 1/f (in metres), and powers add for lenses in contact.
• Lens maker’s formula: 1/f = (n₂₁ − 1)(1/R₁ − 1/R₂).
• Total internal reflection: sin i_c = 1/n; it is the working principle of optical fibres.
• Prism at minimum deviation: n = sin[(A + D_m)/2]/sin(A/2); for a thin prism D_m = (n − 1)A.
• Astronomical telescope: m = f_o/f_e; compound microscope m ≈ (L/f_o)(D/f_e).

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics).

Wave Optics (Unit 16, Class 12)

This chapter covers Huygens’ principle, interference, Young’s double-slit experiment, diffraction and polarisation.

• Huygens’ principle: each point of a wavefront is a source of secondary wavelets.
• On refraction the frequency stays the same while speed and wavelength change.
• Young’s double slit: fringe width β = λD/d; coherent sources give I = 4I₀cos²(φ/2).
• Single slit: minima at θ ≈ nλ/a; the central maximum has angular width 2λ/a.
• Malus’ law I = I₀cos²θ; Brewster’s law tan i_B = n. Polarisation shows that light is a transverse wave.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Electromagnetic Waves and Ray Optics and Optical Instruments).

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (Unit 17, Class 12)

This chapter covers electron emission, the photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation and de Broglie waves.

• Photocurrent depends on intensity; stopping potential depends on frequency and the metal, not on intensity.
• No emission below the threshold frequency, however intense the light; emission is practically instantaneous.
• Einstein’s equation K_max = hν − φ₀; the graph of stopping potential against frequency has slope h/e for every metal.
• Photon energy E = hν = hc/λ and momentum p = h/λ; de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/√(2mK).

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Atoms and Nuclei).

Atoms (Unit 18, Class 12)

This chapter covers the alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s nuclear model, the Bohr model and the hydrogen spectrum.

• Alpha scattering showed a tiny, dense, positive nucleus (about 10⁻¹⁵ m) in an atom of about 10⁻¹⁰ m.
• Bohr: angular momentum L = nh/2π; energy E_n = −13.6/n² eV; orbit radius r_n ∝ n².
• Ionisation energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV; for an electron in orbit K = −E and U = 2E.
• Lyman series lies in the ultraviolet, Balmer in the visible and Paschen in the infrared.
• The Bohr model works only for one-electron atoms.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Nuclei).

Nuclei (Unit 18, Class 12)

This chapter covers the composition and size of the nucleus, mass defect, binding energy, nuclear force, fission and fusion.

• 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²; nuclear radius R = R₀A^(1/3) with R₀ = 1.2 fm, so nuclear density does not depend on A.
• Isotopes have the same Z, isobars the same A, isotones the same N.
• Binding energy per nucleon peaks at about 8.75 MeV near A = 56 and is about 7.6 MeV for A = 238.
• Nuclear force is short-range and charge-independent.
• Fission of one U-235 nucleus releases about 200 MeV; the proton-proton cycle releases 26.7 MeV.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF (one PDF that also covers Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Atoms).

Semiconductor Electronics (Unit 19, Class 12)

This chapter covers energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, the p-n junction, the diode and rectifiers.

• Band gap: Si about 1.1 eV, Ge about 0.7 eV, diamond about 5.4 eV.
• n-type uses pentavalent donors (P, As, Sb); p-type uses trivalent acceptors (B, Al, In); nₑnₕ = nᵢ² in equilibrium.
• Forward bias lowers the barrier, reverse bias raises it; cut-in voltage is about 0.7 V for Si and 0.2 V for Ge.
• Half-wave rectifier output has the input frequency; full-wave output has double the frequency.
• Zener diode works in reverse breakdown as a voltage regulator. NAND and NOR are universal gates.

Notes PDF: View notes PDF.

Which old Physics chapters are not in the syllabus?

Communication Systems (old NCERT Class 12 Chapter 15) is the only old Physics chapter that is in neither the NEET UG 2026 nor the JEE Main 2026 syllabus, so it has been removed from this page. Some notes PDFs were made for the older NCERT books, so skip any topic in them that is not in the current syllabus.

How should you revise Physics for NEET and JEE Main 2027?

Read the NCERT chapter first, then use these notes to revise formulas and test yourself. NEET UG 2027 is expected in May 2027; dates are on the NEET UG 2027 page.

1. Read each chapter in the NCERT Class 11 or Class 12 Physics textbook and work through its examples.
2. Revise the key points above, then open the chapter notes page and the notes PDF for formulas and solved questions.
3. Solve the Physics questions on that chapter from NEET question papers and JEE Main previous year question papers.
4. Take timed tests on the NEET mock test and note every wrong answer.
5. Practise full papers with the NEET 2027 sample papers.

For the other subjects, see the Chemistry notes for NEET and JEE Main and the NEET Biology notes.

Physics Notes for NEET and JEE Main 2027 FAQs